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A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHV), or plug-in hybrid is a hybrid electric vehicle that utilizes rechargeable batteries, or another energy storage device, that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external electric power source (usually a normal electric wall socket). A PHEV shares the characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric vehicle, having an electric motor and an internal combustion engine (ICE); and of an all-electric vehicle, having a plug to connect to the electrical grid. Most PHEVs on the road today are passenger cars, but there are also PHEV versions of commercial vehicles and vans, utility trucks, buses, trains, motorcycles, scooters, and military vehicles. The cost for electricity to power plug-in hybrids for all-electric operation has been estimated at less than one quarter of the cost of gasoline in California. Compared to conventional vehicles, PHEVs reduce air pollution locally and dependence on petroleum. PHEVs may reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming,〔〔 compared with conventional vehicles. PHEVs also eliminate the problem of range anxiety associated with all-electric vehicles, because the combustion engine works as a backup when the batteries are depleted, giving PHEVs driving range comparable to other vehicles with gasoline tanks.〔 ''See reviewed by CalCars founder Felix Kramer (September 9, 2008) ("T. Friedman's New Bestseller Hot, Flat & Crowded Touts Plug-Ins" )''〕 Plug-in hybrids use no fossil fuel at the point of use during their all-electric range. Greenhouse gas emissions attributable to operation of plug-in hybrids during their all-electric range depend on the type of power plant that is used to meet additional demand on the electrical grid at the time and place where the batteries are charged. (See Greenhouse gas emissions, below.) If the batteries are charged directly from renewable sources off the electrical grid, then the greenhouse gas emissions are essentially zero. Other benefits include improved national energy security, fewer fill-ups at the filling station, the convenience of home recharging, opportunities to provide emergency backup power in the home, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) applications.〔Simpson, A. (2006) (''Cost-Benefit Analysis of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology'' ) National Renewable Energy Laboratory conference report CP-540-40485 accessed January 7, 2009〕 Several countries, including the United States and several European countries, have enacted laws to facilitate the introduction of PHEVs through grants and tax credits, emissions mandates, and by financing research and development of advanced batteries and other related technologies. Chinese battery manufacturer and automaker BYD Auto released the F3DM to the Chinese fleet market in December 2008〔Crippen, A. (December 15, 2008) ("Warren Buffett's Electric Car Hits the Chinese Market, But Rollout Delayed For U.S. & Europe" ) ''CNBC''. Retrieved December 2008.〕〔Balfour, F. (December 15, 2008) ("China's First Plug-In Hybrid Car Rolls Out" ) ''Business Week''. Retrieved December 2008.〕〔 and began sales to the general public in Shenzhen in March 2010.〔〔 General Motors began deliveries of the Chevrolet Volt in the United States in December 2010, becoming the first plug-in hybrid available for retail sales in the American market.〔 , the number of series production highway legal plug-in hybrids available for retail sales is limited to just over 20 models, including some limited production luxury sport cars, and available mainly in the United States, Canada, Western European countries, Japan and China. By mid-September 2015, about 380,000 highway-capable plug-in hybrid electric cars have been sold worldwide since December 2008 out of total global sales of one million plug-in electric cars.〔 The Chevrolet Volt family, including its siblings Opel/Vauxhall Ampera, is the world's best selling plug-in hybrid with combined sales of over 100,000 units through October 2015.〔 The Toyota Prius PHV is the second top selling plug-in hybrid with global sales of about 73,600 units through July 2015,〔 followed by the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV with about 70,000 units delivered by August 2015.〔 , the United States is the world's market segment leader with over 180,000 units sold, followed by China with 85,951 plug-in vehicles includes heavy-duty commercial vehicles), the Netherlands with almost 51,00 plug-in hybrids registered, Japan about 50,000 units, and the UK with almost 24,000. ==Terminology== A plug-in hybrid's all-electric range is designated by PHEV-''()'' or PHEV''()''km in which the number represents the distance the vehicle can travel on battery power alone. For example, a PHEV-20 can travel twenty miles (32 km) without using its combustion engine, so it may also be designated as a PHEV32km.〔 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 defines a plug-in electric drive vehicle as a vehicle that: * draws motive power from a battery with a capacity of at least 4 kilowatt hours; * can be recharged from an external source of electricity for motive power; and * is a light-, medium-, or heavy-duty motor vehicle or nonroad vehicle. This distinguishes PHEVs from regular hybrid cars mass marketed today, which do not use any electricity from the grid. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) defines PHEVs similarly, but also requires that the hybrid electric vehicle be able to drive at least ten miles (16 km) in all-electric mode (PHEV-10; PHEV16km), while consuming no gasoline or diesel fuel.〔IEEE-USA Board of Directors (June 15, 2007) ("Plug-In Electric Hybrid Vehicles" ) ''Position Statement'.' Retrieved October 3, 2007.〕 The California Air Resources Board uses the term "off-vehicle charge capable" (OVCC) to mean having the capability to charge a battery from an off-vehicle electric energy source that cannot be connected or coupled to the vehicle in any manner while the vehicle is being driven.〔California Air Resources Board (July 2008) ("California Certification and Installation Procedures for Off-Vehicle Charge Capable Conversion Systems for 2000 and Subsequent Model Year Hybrid Electric Vehicles" ). Retrieved January 8, 2009.〕 Other popular terms sometimes used for plug-in hybrids are "grid-connected hybrids", "Gas-Optional Hybrid Electric Vehicle" (GO-HEV) or simply "gas-optional hybrids". General Motors calls its Chevrolet Volt series plug-in hybrid an "Extended-Range Electric Vehicle".〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chevy Volt: The Future is Electrifying )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Plug-in hybrid」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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